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$It is important to be able to distinguish healthy brood stages. Healthy worker, queen and drone larvae (grubs) are pearly white in color with a glistening appearance. They are curled in a \"C\" shape on the bottom of the cell and continue to grow in size during the larval period, eventually filling their cell.$

$Apistan, a plastic strip impregnated with the chemical pesticide fluvalinate, is currently the only legal material registered for the control of Varroa mites in the United States. Fluvalinate is a contact pesticide, meaning the mites must come in contact with the strips in order for the material to be effective. For this reason, the strips are hung vertically inside the brood nest. Note: In the fall of 1997 mites resistant to fluvalinate were detected in several commercial operations. However, fluvalinate should still be effective in most hobby and side-line beekeeping operations. Current label recommendations require that all honey supers be removed before Apistan treatment but they can be replaced immediately after the treatment is complete (if treatment is performed in spring or during summer dearth). Any honey left in the hive during treatment must be used as bee food or destroyed. Strips must be left on colonies for a minimum of six weeks and a maximum of eight weeks. The number of strips placed on a colony is dependent on the number of frames of bees in each colony. Use one strip per five frames of bees or fractions thereof; they should be evenly distributed throughout the brood nest.$

$* Caused by: Nosema apis * Spore-forming protozoan * Adult disease * Infection of digestive tract Nosema disease, is caused by a spore-forming protozoan, Nosema apis, that invades the digestive tracts of honey bee workers, queens, and drones. Nosema spores are ingested with food or water by the adult bee. The spores germinate and multiply within the lining of the bee\'s midgut. Millions of spores are shed into the digestive tract and are eliminated in the feces.$

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